- A “war on fair taxation” has seen tax rates on the wealth and income of the richest collapse.
- For every $1 raised in tax in G20 countries, fewer than 8 cents come from taxes on wealth.
- The top 1 percent of earners in G20 countries have seen the top tax rates on their income fall by roughly a third in recent decades, while their share of national income has increased by 45 percent.
- A modest wealth tax of up to 5 percent on the G20’s richest individuals could bring in nearly $1.5 trillion a year.
Fewer than eight cents in every dollar raised in tax revenue in G20 countries now come from taxes on wealth, reveals new analysis by Oxfam today ahead of the first meeting of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in Sao Paulo, Brazil.
By comparison, more than 32 cents in every dollar (over four times as much) are collected from taxes on goods and services. Taxes on food and other necessities, for example, shift more of the tax burden onto lower-income families.
Oxfam’s research also found that the share of national income going to the top 1 percent of earners in G20 countries has increased by 45 percent over the last four decades. During the same period, the top tax rates on their incomes has fallen by roughly a third (from around 60 percent in 1980 to 40 percent in 2022).
The top 1 percent of earners in G20 countries made more than $18 trillion in income 2022, a figure higher than the GDP of China.
In countries including Brazil, France, Italy, the UK and the US, the super-rich pay an effective tax rate lower than the average worker. G20 countries are home to nearly four out of five of the world’s billionaires.
"In country after country, a war on fair taxation has coincided with a war on democracy, putting more money and power into the hands of a tiny, inequality-fueling elite. As the finance ministers of the world's largest economies gather this week, this contest takes center stage: will they reclaim their democracies by taxing the super-rich?" said Katia Maia, Executive Director of Oxfam Brazil.
Brazil, at the helm of the G20, has plans to forge the first global agreement on taxing the super-rich to reduce global inequality. A recent poll has revealed that nearly three-quarters of millionaires in G20 countries support higher taxes on wealth, and over half think extreme wealth is a “threat to democracy.”
Higher taxes on the wealth and income of the richest could raise the trillions of dollars needed to tackle both inequality and climate breakdown. For example, Oxfam estimates that a wealth tax of up to 5 percent on the G20’s multimillionaires and billionaires could raise nearly $1.5 trillion a year. This would be enough to end global hunger, help low- and middle-income countries adapt to climate change, and bring the world back on track to meeting the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) —and still leave more than $546 billion to invest in inequality-busting public services and climate action in G20 countries.
“A fair tax system can curb inequality and foster healthier, more inclusive societies,” said Maia. “Higher taxes for the super-rich means being able to invest in working families, protecting the climate, and making important public services like education and healthcare available to all. It also means being able to repair holes in social safety nets, to soften the blow of future crises.”
Oxfam is a global organization that fights inequality to end poverty and injustice. We offer lifesaving support in times of crisis and advocate for economic justice, gender equality, and climate action. We demand equal rights and equal treatment so that everyone can thrive, not just survive. The future is equal. Join us at oxfamamerica.org
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Notes to editors
According to the World Bank, China’s GDP is $17.96 trillion.
Members of the G20 collect on average just 7.6 percent of their tax revenue through taxes on wealth (excluding India, Russia and Saudi Arabia, for which data is not available). Wealth taxes include property tax, inheritance tax, recurrent and non-recurrent net wealth taxes and all other forms of wealth taxes. On average, these G20 countries collect 32.3 percent of their tax revenue through taxes on goods and services (4.24 times as much), including VAT, GST and other indirect taxes. Data is from the OECD’s Global Revenue Statistics Database.
The richest 1 percent of people in G20 countries (excluding the European Union and the African Union) earned 16 percent of pre-tax national income in 2022, compared to 11 percent in 1980. This is an increase of 45 percent. Data is from the World Inequality Database.
The top marginal tax rate on personal income in 1980 was 59.5 percent on average across 17 G20 countries (there is no personal income tax in Saudi Arabia, and Russia was excluded due to data limitations). In 2022, the average top tax rate had fallen to 40.4 percent in the same 17 countries, equivalent to a 32.1 percent drop.
Studies in Brazil, France, Italy, the UK and the US have shown that the super-rich pay a lower effective tax rate than the average worker.
Nearly three-quarters of millionaires polled in G20 countries support higher taxes on wealth, and over half think extreme wealth is a “threat to democracy.” 72 percent think that extreme wealth helps buy political influence.
Polling consistently finds that most people across countries support raising taxes on the richest. For example, the majority of people in the US, 80 percent of Indians, 85 percent of Brazilians and 69 percent of people polled across 34 countries in Africa support increasing taxes on the rich.
In January 2024, 260 millionaires and billionaires signed a letter demanding world leaders increase their taxes. In September 2023, nearly 300 economists, millionaires, and politicians, including 18 former heads of state, called on the G20 to tax extreme wealth.
During the World Bank and IMF Annual Meetings in Marrakech last year, Brazilian Finance Minister Fernando Haddad discussed Brazil’s plans to make progress on taxing the richest during its G20 presidency.
Current estimates suggest that donor governments need to invest around $37 billion every year until 2030 to tackle both extreme and chronic hunger.
According to UNEP’s “Adaptation Gap Report 2023”, the adaptation finance needed to implement domestic adaptation priorities in low- and middle-income countries is estimated at $387 billion per year.
UN Secretary-General António Guterres recently called on the G20 to agree a $500 billion annual stimulus to help meet the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.